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The Civil Guard ((スペイン語:Guardia Civil); (:ˈɡwarðja θiˈβil)) is a military force charged with police duties. The corps is colloquially known as the ' (reputable). It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peace-keeping missions. As a national police force, the Guardia Civil is comparable today to the French Gendarmerie, the Italian Carabinieri, the Portuguese National Republican Guard and the Dutch Royal Marechaussee as it is part of the European Gendarmerie. The Guardia Civil uses as its leading emblem the words "El honor es mi divisa" (Honour is my emblem), a motto emphasizing the unit's esprit de corps. According to the Centro de investigaciones sociológicas (a Spanish institute for social research) the Guardia Civil is the institution in which most Spaniards trust. Guardia precincts are called ''casas cuartel'' (garrison posts) which are both minor residential garrisons and fully equipped Police Stations. In general the Guardia Civil patrol rural areas (including highways and ports) and investigate crimes there, whilst the ''Policia Nacional'' deals with serious urban situations. Most cities also have a ''Policia Local'' who concentrate on preventing crime, settling minor incidents, traffic control, and, crucially, intelligence gathering. Locally, all three forces work closely together, and are nationally coordinated under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior. ==History== The Guardia Civil was founded as a national police force in 1844 during the reign of Queen Isabel II of Spain by the Navarrese aristocrat Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta, 2nd Duque de Ahumada and 5th Marqués de las Amarillas, an 11th generation descendant of Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II.〔http://www.oldbooksmith.com/register-montezuma.html〕 Formerly, law enforcement had been the responsibility of the Holy Hermandad, an organization of municipal leagues. Corruption was pervasive in the Hermandad, where officials were constantly subject to local political influence, and the system was largely ineffective outside the major towns and cities.〔de Rementeria y Fica, Mariano, ''Manual of the Baratero'' (transl. and annot. by James Loriega), Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, ISBN 978-1-58160-471-9 (2005)〕 Criminals could often escape justice by simply moving from one district to another.〔 The first Guardia police academy was established in the town of Valdemoro, south of Madrid, in 1855. Graduates were given the Guardia's now famous ''tricorne'' or ''Cavaliers'' hat as part of their duty dress uniform. The Guardia was initially charged with putting an end to brigandage on the nation's highways, particularly in the province of Andalucia, which had become notorious for numerous robberies and holdups of businessmen, peddlers, travelers, and even foreign tourists.〔Quevedo, A. and Sidro, J., ''La Guardia Civil: La Historia de esta Institución'', Madrid (1858)〕〔de la Iglesia, Eugenio, ''Reseña Histórica de la Guardia Civil'', Madrid (1898)〕〔Driessen, Henk Driessen, ''The ‘Noble Bandit’ and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-century Andalusia'', European Journal of Sociology 24, (1983), pp. 96-114〕 Banditry in this region was so endemic that the Guardia found it difficult to completely eradicate. As late as 1884, one traveler of the day reported that it still existed in and around the city of Málaga:〔Scott, Samuel P., ''Through Spain: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure in the Peninsula'', Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippincott Company (1886), pp. 130-131〕
The Guardia Civil was also given the political task of restoring and maintain land ownership and servitude among the peasantry of Spain by the king, who desired to stop the spread of anti-monarchist movements inspired by the French revolution. The end of the First Carlist War had left the Spanish landscape scarred by the destruction of civil war, and the government was forced to take drastic action to suppress spontaneous revolts by a restive peasantry. Based on the model of light infantry used by Napoleon in his European campaigns, the Guardia Civil was transformed into a paramilitary force of high mobility that could be deployed irrespective of inhospitable conditions, able to patrol and pacify large areas of the countryside. Its members, called 'guardias', maintain to this day a basic patrol unit formed by two agents, usually called a "pareja" (a pair), in which one of the 'guardias' will initiate the intervention while the second 'guardia' serves as a backup to the first. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civil Guard (Spain)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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